7#$cka}3=[[$t$t$t $d$%%d&$x-& &* **67U$* &1* * a * * * * * * Seminar on Environment and Development in Vietnam 6-7 December 1996 Australian National University, Canberra Biodiversity and Biodiversity Loss Mr Vu Ngoc Thanh Department of Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology National University of Ha Noi 90 Nguyen Trai Dong Da - Ha Noi Viet Nam Tel: +84 (4) 85-82331w 85-11389h Fax: +84 (4) 85-82069 Email: vnthanh@vze-hu.ac.vn Abstract Vietnam is ecologically both diverse and unique. Many plants and animals, endemic to Vietnam's northern and central highlands, are in danger of extinction from environmental destruction. The variety of Vietnam's biology complicates the problem both in necessary research and in law enforcement. The number of illegal residents in forested provinces has increased in recent years, adding to destruction. Management of nature reserves and parks is inadequate. Of the now 90 parks and reserves, only 47 have a management board. And even these managed reserves are poorly equipped. Rangers often are unpaid so their actions may be ineffective - or worse. Wildlife poaching is a serious problem. In spite of legislation to the contrary, weapons remain largely uncontrolled. Local people can collect forest products without difficulty. Wildlife trade occurs openly hamlets as well as cities, in disregard of Forest Protection Department and police. Few resources exist to care for confiscated animals or prepare them for re-release. Most parks and zoos can no longer accept the large number of confiscated animals coming to them. Diseased or weakened animals are unacceptable for return to the forest - ecologically speaking, they are already dead. So these animals often are returned to dealers who need pay only a small fine. Generally, only insignificant rewards can be offered for information leading to the capture of wildlife exploiters or illegal loggers. Traders may barter with poor, ethnic minority people to collect forest products inexpensively. Some 70% of animal trade in Vietnam, including animals from Laos and Cambodia, is illegally exported. Most of this trade is through Vietnam's porous northern borders. The remainder become food, medicines or other products within Vietnam. Solutions are not easy. Law enforcement needs better resources and education, and methods should be modified to address inadequacies at the local level. Local people need better environment awareness education. The illegal export of wildlife, and in particular any access to air transport, must be controlled. 1. What is Biodiversity We can define biodiversity as the variety and inter-relatedness of living species and their natural environment. Biodiversity, often discussed as a 'web of life' is important for maintaining life support systems of this planet. Put simply, the more extensive the interactions among of living things, the more stable are ecological systems. 2. Vietnam has great biophysical diversity. Vietnam is a long, narrow country, some 1700 km in length (with 3000 km of coastline). Temperate northern and montane regions contact with a warm tropical south. The geography is one of great variety, including tropical rainforest, dry broadleaf deciduous forest, marine coral formations and large inland rivers. Topography is built upon karst, basalt, sandstone, and, indeed, sand dunes. Yet this diversity also bespeaks a certain isolation resulting in a patchwork of endemic species. For example, the areas of the greatest plant endemism are the Hoang Lien Son range, the Central Highlands and Da Lat Plateau. These correspond to endemism of vertebrate species such as birds, fresh water fish and mammals. According to the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP, 1996:22) Vietnam has a higher proportion of endemic species than any of its neighbouring countries. People in Vietnam depend heavily on this biodiversity. They depend in the first instance on the stability of the forest environment. But poor local people seem to have no choice except to degrade forest resources and so decrease biodiversity. In the colonial period, upland forests were largely occupied by the some 60 ethnic minority tribes, many of them using swidden farming techniques in low population densities. Over 30% of Vietnamese people - and now an increasing number of ethnic majority 'Kinh' people - depend on forest products. Population density in these regions has increased dramatically, most of all in the last 15 years. People lacking jobs and even a good education are moving to forests (and when they return to visit relatives in Hanoi, they bring malaria and other diseases). With a population of 75 million people, and a still-high birth rate, the population will double by the year 2025. Even allowing for an expected reduction of this growth, it is clear that a priority will be to house and feed people. How then do we conserve biodiversity, yet care for this growing population? In 1945, about 43% of the country was covered with forest. By 1978, after the end of war, this proportion was 23%. Areas of the North which were not greatly affected by the war were among the most disturbed. By 1990 the amount of remaining forest cover was 9%, all of this caused by unreasonable exploitation - unreasonable, even if done with the best of intentions. 3. Realities of biodiversity in Vietnam What is the fate of this precious biodiversity in today's Vietnam? A few examples will help outsiders understand the complexity of these problems. First, the knowledge of important individuals of biodiversity. Jok Don in Dak Lak Province is one of the most important national Parks in Vietnam. Once the Park Director invited us to eat wild meat. At Cat Ba National Park, while riding in the back of a truck, I heard the sound of birds. Lifting a wrapping I saw a bamboo cage with a number of ducks. When I asked my friend about this, he replied that these were 'European' migratory birds and not Vietnamese. So - for him - they were not important for Vietnam's biodiversity. It was a one way ticket for European birds. Second, the values of ordinary people living and working in forests. Taking a even more basic example, last year at Bach Ma National Park I witnessed four men working hard sawing open an old artillery shell. They were after the explosive inside the shell. For this very dangerous work they would be rewarded only $9 for the entire load of high explosive. These people felt ti was worth risking their lives for this small amount of money. We saw other people working in the forests in Quang Binh. The area is infested with falciparum malaria and peppered with unexploded ordinance. These men were harvesting the metal from the forest, again, at great risk to themselves. If people so cheaply value their own lives, what value do you think they would give to biodiversity? And what needs to be changed? Third, the extent of illegal and unreasonable forest exploitation. In the district town inside Tam Dao National Park, wildlife meat is sold openly for $2-3 a meal (Kinh Bac, 1996). Over 40,000 people live in the Vu Quang Forest area of Ha Tinh Province of Central Vietnam. Yet a government survey (WWF, 1996, unpublished) estimates that these people place over 400 traps in Vu Quang forest every day. Bird trapping in Dak Lak is now becoming commercial, with some trappers making $10/day (DBT, 1996). A deputy-police chief of a commune in Kon Tum Province is reported (Vo Nang Nhan, 1995) to have secretly hunted rare bear to sell for meat and medicine. Taking in these examples, we must ask if it possible to promote a philosophy of environment management? The fact that these articles appear in print today is a very good sign. The press is very much in support of environmental protection. The decision of the Hanoi People's Committee in October 1996 to protect a group of migratory birds landing on a small island in a park in Central Hanoi. This quick action saved the birds from interference over the week or more of their stay in Hanoi. The Hanoi People's Committee decided (in September, 1996) to build and staff a Rescue Centre for endangered wildlife. This Centre, in Soc Son District in the North of the City, comprises more than 100 hectares. The national government, and each province, is placing a great deal of effort on setting up a legal framework for environment protection, for enforcement laws against illegal trade, and for environmental awareness. Unfortunately, the funding available for this is modest. The problems are enormous. We are still seeking funds in order to train our people protect their what remains of their natural environment. 4. numerical data In this paper I will concentrate on the wildlife trade. However illegal logging is also a serious problem. I give just one example. In 1995, the Hanoi Forest Protection Department (FPD Hanoi, 1996) discovered 151 separate incidents of illegal transportation of logs. The estimated volume of these logs totalled 277,018 m3. Of this, protected tree species accounted for roughly two-thirds, or 198,211 m3. Concerning vertebrates, a report on the first two years' operation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which Vietnam signed in 1994, lists 403 incidents involving animal trade in 13 selected provinces during that time (Table 1). In some provinces, animals are re-released to the forest. However, in other provinces, for example Dak Lak (an area of very rich biodiversity), the majority of animals are returned to dealers who are required to pay only a small fine. One reason for this is that FPD staff still have poor knowledge of what are endangered wildlife. And even if they do know this, they cannot keep and feed animals to strengthen them for re-release. Staff are poorly trained in the proper methods for releasing animals. The list in Table 1 is limited because few statistical data are available. Existing data probably under-report the number of investigations. The number of cases that are not investigated is may be substantial. Quoc Khanh (1996) suggests that perhaps only 10 to 15% of cases are investigated. FPD Hanoi (1996) intercepted traffickers 22 in separate incidents in 1995. The breakdown of these cases is listed in Table 2. This list includes a variety of pangolins, civets, monkeys, tortoises, geckos and snakes. Bich Ha (1995) reported that almost all of the approximately 60 wildlife species regularly marketed in Vietnam are forbidden from exploitation and trade by government decree. There exist many ways for wild meat to enter Hanoi, most of them very difficult to monitor. Nguyen Viet Chien researched animal trade by aircraft. Chien (1996) estimates about 3.5 ton of wildlife is brought by air to Hanoi every week. Flights are every 2-3 days, carrying as much as 2 tons of live animals from HCMC to Hanoi. Chien reports an incident in which an airplane, on route to Hanoi returned to HCMC when it was realised the aircraft might be detained by authorities on landing in Hanoi. This indicates the existence of a significant coordination in the transport of live wild animals. According to Nguyen Viet Chien (1996) some 70% of this air traffic in wildlife is illegally exported. Most trade is through Vietnam's northern borders. The remainder becomes food, medicine or other products within Vietnam. Le Dien Duc (1993) identified the main destinations for wildlife export as China, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea. In June 1996, 2 tons of live animals including 200 macaque monkeys from a dealer in Dong Nai were confiscated at Noi Bai Airport in Hanoi (Nguyen Viet Chien, 1996). The animals were on the way to China for sale - perhaps some of the monkeys would have been laundered through China and sold on the international market for laboratory animals. The fine for this offence was only US$500. Confiscation may be an important means of stopping animal trade, but it is not very good on animals. Captivity is usually stressful to animals, particularly forest birds and mammals. Re-releasing animals to the forest may present many problems. These include: - the possibility of diseased animals infecting into natural communities, - the possibility of animals being release outside their natural range, - or the possibility that animals will not breed in locations where they are released. If these questions remain uncertainties, then perhaps most animals release will most surely die. Therefore it is often said that if these animals are too weak to be re-released to the forest, perhaps they would be better off if returned to dealers. The dealers treat the fine as a kind of license. Dealers may be issued a receipt with which they can resell and even transport animals with less risk of being re-arrested. Obviously, such small fines are not effective or counter-productive. Animals returned to the market-place only continue the demand for rare species (with slightly increased price). Government policy in the first instance is to prohibit exploitation of rare species. But it is also in the second instance to allow that rare species be sustainably bred (Ministry of Forestry Circular: 551 LN/KL). There is very little scientific expertise in conservation breeding in Vietnam. And most breeding of rare animals is with economic exploitation as a primary goal (for example, family-based snake and turtle farms, deer or bear farms). This trade is legal if animals in captivity after two generations. This presents many problems for monitoring and law enforcement. Within this context, however, it does provide a mechanism to fund the breeding of rare species. This presents very few choices for FPD officers. There are no funds to keep animals or properly release them. Considerable international anger would ensue if these animals were killed (eg. Highley, 1993). Would increasing penalties reduce the wildlife exploitation, or just drive the market underground? Two important moral values are in apparent conflict: 1) saving and protecting rare, endangered wildlife, and 2) eliminating the trade in wildlife products (which could even mean destroying wildlife rather than returning it to dealers). In any case, I find it difficult to understand why animals should be returned to dealers whose business is created by continued hunting. Conclusions The legal basis for environmental protection needs continued strengthening. Law enforcement agencies need better resources and improved training, particularly of local staff. FPD salaries should be increased due to their difficult and sometimes dangerous duties. The national environmental education and awareness program needs strengthening. Rural people need better environment awareness education. The education of children is crucial. The illegal export of wildlife, and in particular any access to air transport, must be controlled. References Bich Ha. 1995. [Many wild mammals still hunted]. Khoa Hoc va Doi Song (Science and Life) 50(1094): 1,2; 12-18 Dec.1995. Biodiversity Action Planning Team (BAP). 1996. Biodiversity Action Plan for Vietnam. Ministry of Science Technology and Environment, Hanoi. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Vietnam 1996. [Report of two years carrying out CITES] (20/4/1994 - 20/4/1996). CITES Office, National Forestry Protection Department, Hanoi. 13 pp. DBT. 1996. [Dac Lac: raising the 'campaign' of bird trapping]. Lao Dong (Labor) 127/96. 24 September 1996. Forestry Protection Department of Hanoi (FPD Hanoi) 1996. [Summary report of working results of 1995 for the Forestry Protection Force of Hanoi City]. Hanoi City Forestry Protection Department, Hanoi. Highley, Keith. 1993. Taiwan bungles 'repatriation' of smuggled lorises. International Primate Protection League Newsletter 20(3):3-4. Kinh Bac. 1996. [Tam Dao - Snow White is still sleeping.] Phu Nu Thu Do (Women of the Capital) 27(290) 3- July 1996. Le Dien Duc. 1993. Final Report on the Vietnam Wildlife Trade Monitoring Project. Centre for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies (CRES), Hanoi. 75 pp. Nguyen Viet Chien. 1996. [Warning about the transportation situation of rare mammals by airplane] Thanh Nien (Youth) 117(905):7-8; 23 July 1996. Quoc Khanh. 1996. [The bad situation of hunting and illegal trading of wildlife needs to be stopped] Phap Luat (Law) 47(598):1, 2; 11 June 1996. Vo Nang Nhan. 1996. [Deputy sheriff of commune secretly hunting, rare animals] Thoi Bao Kinh Te Viet Nam (Vietnam Economic Weekly 34. 24-30 August 1995. Tables Table 1a. Animal trafficking incidents related to the implementation of the CITES in 13 provinces of Vietnam from 1994-1996.  method of dealing with incident province or city number of incidents recorded animals released to forest animals given to husbandry animals confiscateddealer fined and animals returned to dealerHo Chi Minh City472161227Song Be82624162Lam Dong52211264Dak Lak118605107Da Nang City1711204Hue City1010000Nghe An1511310Ninh Binh164093Ha Noi City28222226Hai Phong City210missing0Quang Ninh61005Lang Son44000Son La60042Totals4031552895160Source: Corrected from CITES Vietnam April, 1996. Table 1a. Animal trafficking incidents related to the implementation of the CITES in 13 provinces of Vietnam from 1994-1996. locationEnglish nameVietnamese name#weight (kg)yearMui Tau (Song Be)pig, muntjak, porcupine, etc.lo+.n ru+`ng, hoa(~ng, nai, nhi'm, ...818112241994wild meatthi.t ru+`ng446010451995Buon Ma Thuot------15711994 (Dak Lak)------10371995Quang Nam - Da Nangcivetcho^`n368--1995monkeykhi?20--" "pangolinte^ te^47--" "southern gracklechim ye^?ng208--" "crested argustri~ sao+4--" "monitor lizardky` dda`169--" "tortoiseru`a151--" "snakera('n10--" "Nghe Anmonitor lizardky` dda`89--1994-1995monkeykhi?96--" "pangolinte^ te^10--" "tortoiseru`a740--" "brown squirrelso'c na^u290--" "civetcho^`n65--" "boa and other snaketra(n va` ra('n520--" "southern gracklechim ye^?ng270--" "Lang Sonpangolinte^ te^83--10-12-1995monkeykhi?39--" "civetca^y vo`i10--" "loriscu li13--" "monitor lizardky` dda`5--" "boatra(n3--" "tortoiseru`a--1826" "Quang Ninhtotal fines: 56,800,000 dongNinh Binh Townmonitor lizardky` dda`458--1994-1996boatra(n36----pangolinte^ te^201----tortoiseru`a724----monkeykhi?10----porcupinenhi'm16---- etc. to Total26654431--Ho Chi Minh Citymonkeykhi?62--29-03-1995pangolinte^ te^17--18-12-1994porcupinenhi'm10--" "leopardbeo2--28-10-1995pangolinte^ te^36--25-08-1995Thua Thien - Huepangolinte^ te^111--1994-1995monitor lizardky` dda`236--" "civetcho^`n161--" " etc. to Total999--" "Ha Noitoal value: 1,276,224,000 dong; total fines: 56,500,000 dongloriscu li5--1994-1996palm civetca^`y hu+o+ng17--" "civetca^`y va` cho^`n29--" "otterra'i ca'2--" "forest cat speciesme`o ru+`ng4--" "geckota('c ke`533--" "pangolinte^ te^3102072" "monitor lizardky` dda`2361099" "tortoiseru`a34172426" "boatra(n--197" "snakera('n454238" "monkeykhi?25--" " etc. to Total--6381" "Source:CITES Vietnam April, 1996. Table 2. Export/import permits granted by CITES office Vietnam 1994 and 1995. 1994 (120 trading certificates and 4 exchange certificates)# cert- ificates issued type quantity and taxon notes2import2 Komodo dragons 10Lophura exwardsi (Edwards' Pheasant)to Hanoi and HCMC zoos2exchange2 leopards 2 elephantsfrom Hanoi and HCMC zoos3export200 macaques--49export10,070 wild parrots--17 export4,388 boa (F2 generation)--35export11,191 meter boa skin--13export520 monitor lizards 30 tortoise (Testudo)--3export120 ton coral sand--1995 (142 trading certificates)# cert- ificates issued type quantity and taxon notes1import2 tamarin monkeys--7exportbear, elephant and monkeycircus animals for peerformances in Thailand and Taiwan2export200 macaques (F2 generation)from 18-4 company to China29export3990 parrots--36export12,395 baby boas (F2 generation)--41export107,157 meter boa skin--14export490 monitor lizards--16export385 tortoises--2export19.1 ton frog legs--4export30,000 kg. Dendrobium sp.--5export1190 orchard trees--Source: CITES Vietnam April, 1996. Table 3. Animals confiscated by Hanoi Forestry Protection Department during 1995. Number taxon VN Name English name 5 Nycticebus sp. cu li loris 25 Macaca fascicularis kh ui di crab-eating macaque 17 Viverricula indica thai cy h߽ng, small Indian civet 1 Arctitis binturong albifrons cy mc binturong 21 Mustela kathiah trit nn yellow bellied weasel 7 Paradoxurus cy vi m߾p ui en common palm civet hermaphroditus laotum 310 Manis pentadactyla aurita t t Chinese pangolin 2 Lutra lutra chinensis ri c hng trng Eurasian otter 4 several species of Felinae mo rng cc loi forest cat 533 Lacerta gecko tc k gecko 236 Monitor nebulosis k vn monitor lizard 3417 several tortoise species ra cc loi tortoises 1 (29 kg) Pelochelys cantoris ba ba Ho Guom turtle 197 kg Boa reticulatus trn gm boa 454 severeal snake species rn cc loi snake 75 kg Psittacula alexandri Vt ngc moustached parrot 135 Streptopelia tranquebarica cu ngi red collared dove 6381 Total kg 1,276,224,000 ong estimated farm gate value (roughtly US$120,000.00) Source: FPD Hanoi,1996 Table 1a. Animal trafficking incidents related to the implementation of the CITES in 13 provinces of Vietnam from 1994-1996. locationEnglish nameVietnamese name#weight (kg)yearMi Tu (Sng B)pig, muntjak, porcupine, etc.ln rng, hong, nai, nhm, ...818112241994wild meattht rng446010451995Bun Ma Thut------15711994 (Dak Lak)------10371995Quang Nam - D Nngcivetchn368--1995monkeykh 20--" "pangolint t47--" "southern gracklechim yng208--" "crested argustr sa4--" "monitor lizardk 169--" "tortoisera151--" "snakern10--" "Nghe Anmonitor lizardk 89--1994-1995monkeykh 96--" "pangolint t10--" "tortoisera740--" "brown squirrelsc nu290--" "civetchn65--" "boa and other snaketrn v rn520--" "southern gracklechim yng270--" "Lang Sonpangolint t83--10-12-1995monkeykh 39--" "civetcy vi10--" "loriscu li13--" "monitor lizardk 5--" "boatrn3--" "tortoisera--1826" "Quang Ninhtotal fines: 56,800,000 dongNinh Binh Townmonitor lizardk 458--1994-1996boatrn36----pangolint t201----tortoiseru`a724----monkeykh 10----porcupinenhi'm16---- etc. to Total26654431--H Ch Minh Citymonkeykh 62--29-03-1995pangolint t17--18-12-1994porcupinenhi'm10--" "leopardbeo2--28-10-1995pangolint t36--25-08-1995Thua Thien - Huepangolint t111--1994-1995monitor lizardk 236--" "civetchn161--" " etc. to Total999--" "Ha Noitoal value: 1,276,224,000 dong; total fines: 56,500,000 dongloriscu li5--1994-1996palm civetcy h߽ng17--" "civetcy v chn29--" "otterri c2--" "forest cat speciesmo rng4--" "geckotc k533--" "pangolint t3102072" "monitor lizardk 2361099" "tortoisera34172426" "boatrn--197" "snakern454238" "monkeykh 25--" " etc. to Total--6381" "Source:CITES Vietnam April, 1996. Table 3. Animals confiscated by Hanoi Forestry Protection Department during 1995. Number taxon VN Name English name 5 Nycticebus sp. cu li loris 25 Macaca fascicularis kh ui di crab-eating macaque 17 Viverricula indica thai cy h߽ng, small Indian civet 1 Arctitis binturong albifrons cy mc binturong 21 Mustela kathiah trit nn yellow bellied weasel 7 Paradoxurus cy vi m߾p ui en common palm civet hermaphroditus laotum 310 Manis pentadactyla aurita t t Chinese pangolin 2 Lutra lutra chinensis ri c hng trng Eurasian otter 4 several species of Felinae mo rng cc loi forest cat 533 Lacerta gecko tc k gecko 236 Monitor nebulosis k vn monitor lizard 3417 several tortoise species ra cc loi tortoises 1 (29 kg) Pelochelys cantoris ba ba Ho Guom turtle 197 kg Boa reticulatus trn gm boa 454 severeal snake species rn cc loi snake 75 kg Psittacula alexandri Vt ngc moustached parrot 135 Streptopelia tranquebarica cu ngi red collared dove 6381 Total kg 1,276,224,000 ong estimated farm gate value (roughtly US$120,000.00) Source: FPD Hanoi,1996 page  Biodiversity and biodiversity loss Vu 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aEadaaabbMbbbbcc,c-cXchcicjckccccc)*+,j̹̮̞̞̒̌̌#P k#P k#P k#P k #d !8#d@ !8#d@ #Pk k#P k-PJ !&F@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@4  was considered only for captive breeding of animals before export. No farm had bred successfully [a second generation] for export. Their source is buying birds and reptiles from the Mekong Delta, Highlands, Southern Central provinces, provinces bordering Cambodia or from Cambodia, taken illegally to the Vietnam border. These birds and reptiles are not yet liste in CITES or Council of Ministers Decree 18" [on protecting rare and precious flaora and fauna]. There also exists a major business in the exploitation of animals that are not listedin the ,which protectsVietnam's most rare and precious fl (Nafobird, Naforimex 3, Vinafor Saigon, Nafovanny, and other farms in Dong Nai, Minh Hai, Can Tho, etc.). Farms f, birdsand the like werecapableonly to cagecould be seen to have a second generation Thefor these animals was from dealers who collected from the wild inCentral the itself (across)Y=Y@YCYIYJYPYVY%'()*,OQWnw#$,-.4AELXno125JWij!"6JYd% @b The exploitation of animals not listed are rare may none the less reduce biodiversity in these regions. have several effects. First, this kind of exploitation never sand ecological balance . Second, it encourages more people to become involved in harvesting wildlife without condsideration to sustainability.rare and endangered But also, the apparently heavy exploitation of a range of more common species should be monitored closely. sa and 1ba, 1b 2 Table 3 shows the import and export certificates granted in 1994-5 (CITES Vietnam, 1996). While the CITES (1996) report found that no facility keeping birds or reptiles could approach a appropriate standards for captive breeding of common birds or reptiles, export certificates were granted in 1994 and 1995 for a range of rare birds and animals.consideration Decision 2031 QD-UB; 13 June ed for of Apparently, some farms - none of those listed above and in the CITES report - have reached this standard. Boa skins are collected mainly from breeders but also from " $12;GNOQVXp$9:`ajĺ !"PRSYbŁłŃŌōŎŏſ EFGN~Ƈƾ 0478@HIKQRS^dlnvnjǍǑǙǝǞdzǴǵ  @`2aQRSŃGHI~uΜχϧϱ#$]iaզըڹsZ[ߤ 9:BCDno-Ecd(u*4#P #P k#P k#P k#P kk#P #P k#P k#P k#P kFsources along the Cambodian border" (CITES Vietnam, 1996). These "sources" are probably hunters. National Decrees such as Decree 18 on the protection of rare and precious flora an fauna (1992), Government Order 130 TTG on management and protection of rare and precious wildlife and flora, and the Law on Environmental Protection (1993) legal documentsand precious wildlife and flora. severely . While it is often difficult to for poachers to cut and remove logs in protected forests such as these, it is far easier to extract non-timber forest products by trapping and hunting. With a national labour force incerasing by almost one million people each year, the lack of jobs can drive people to lesser populated, less controlled forested areas. These people rarely come with many belongings. Hunting requires only the capital outlay of a gun, explosives, traps or nets. Though many of these materials are illegal they are readily available. Collecting non-timber forest products, including illegal hunting, trapping or fishing, is usually the better option for income generation since it requires simple tools and an abundance of spare time. One consequence is that some forests may have escaped damage due to logging, yet the biodiversity of those forests is diminished by uncontrolled extraction of non-timber forest products. For example, primary forests remain in several nature reserves in Vietnam's Central Highlands). Yet our surveys find poor evidence for fauna in these forests. IIIIIIIIJ -V|}~-.;HOXaɁɘɛɝɠɤɰɶɿYstuw̸̡̧̨̖̟̠̤̔̾ 5=B`bl}~̀ͥ͢ͶͺCIPQW^efu΂ΉΑΛΜ @bTraces such as tracks and scat are rare and also any animals that do exist in the forest stay far away from humans. ofin this way, including those asprotectedTIin what is effectively common land Prior land users face uncontrolled migrating into their homelands. Local law enforcement staff are increasingly burdened but increasingly they fall behind in resources to do their duty. ., indicating reduced biodiversity,butremaining animalswellThe large number of small-scale non-timber forest product exploitersdegrades resources inwaysAlthough common species may form the bulk of, thischanges still which adds to their economic uncertaintiesfurtheras well accessing Much of thisis the result of local producing (BAP, 1996),exploit and so Until the middle of this centurythe principal occupants of Vietnam's . Mthese people usedsustainable , made possible given their Today, opredominantly the migrate g malaria and other diseases). Vietnam's by 1996After a recent survey, wild meat at a local restaurant. aquackingsoundΜΠΨειο),=IYdemzφχϦϧϰϱϹ -<\e҄ҐҗҝҢ!#$135789TY\]vӑӓӔӠӹ-DIhinԁ @btarpolin,holding to go to the market for salea park officialthis was okey because they were birds - were 'European' migratory birds. So for himforeignbirds were These birds had a one way ticketpaiditso littlealso scrap ,are driven by poverty to so cheaplyhey would give to biodiversity? as little as US$2incAa major commercial activity per The Among many other examples from newspapers in Vietnam: Wsustainable newspaper articles appear such as Decree 18 and in particular rcfacility, ing in the north of the city, depends in part on foreign investmentThe national governments areental awareness. Unfortunately, also actually commencedincidentsincidentsn incident in which an airplaneChina via ,to avoid capture authorities wan, Hong Kong and South Korea.Alternatives t is not very good on animals. atcan infectatmay bed and so interfere with existing biota areare released in a way that does not allow them to breed properly. d . wildlife is illegally exported. We are investigating reports thatmacaque ԁԊԓԲԼԽ&(24:;`adtՕՖ՛դեզէըթժ01=S]^n؄ؑإ !$+7GMhْ(>?DHNRSTXYtu}~ڛڟڪڶڷ @blaboratory animal market. remaining 30% of trade or otherwiseweak or stressed when and cannot,suggested to us Since fines are small,dealers treatwhich allows them toless risk of being re-arrested.This way, aare , and thus hasise in conservation breedingM is primarySuchforwhich have been for, or F2Determining whether animals are F2commercial captive breeding, albeit as a by-product of commercial useIn practical terms, Forest Protection Department officers have 3For example:natural communities,can be, We have oftern heard the suggestion,should be returned to dealers. F so dcan fines TheyA2the a national labour force ince or the Northwest or Central Highlandshaveapparently unregulates bb s that rare species be after capture Figures on Table 1a indicate that captive breeding is at present a less common destination for confiscated animals that release or return-to-dealer. ietnamesenkhi? dduo^i da`ia^`u+o+a^`u+.e^'ta'a^`o`u+o+' dduo^idde^e^a'a'o.a('e`u+`a'a.ia('e`i`dda`a^u`a'a(a^'a('a'a.io' e.u+.ddo?d In 7ڷڸڹںڻrs|}ۍې۔ۗۚ۞ۣ۠ۥ۪۫ۯ۵۷۹ۻ۽ۿ")*>AEFijބޠޢ޷޻ '/KLXY[s @@`T.D. restaurant in Gia Luan Town (next to Cat Ba National Park), wild meat is on sale. The menu includes: serow ($3/kg) monkey meat ($2/kg) monkey brain ($3/kg), live monkeys ($8/kg) and squirrels at 30 cents each (Nguyen Trong, 1996) In some areas of the Central Highlands a wildlife 'Kinh' dealers live with theri families in each village Nguyen Trong. 1996. [] Dai Duan Ket [Great Unique] 42:1, 3 24 May 1996. theirmainMiority s. They may operate a general store which also doubles as a Bitter lament] s߇ߍߏߣߤߩ߭ߵ߻ -?CEKPTac|&03K\qrs8?GHId&*;<=DQY^cm'*/6:;< @bUnityNo. . and there is a thriving trade in forest animals as pets. Forest products such as this are often sold to the many of Vietnamese tourists now visiting these and other parks. Foreign tourists generally have better habits.We discovered that i, ethniceach - near or even within reservesse dealersown, a television, kareoke and a generator. Local people exchange forest products for cheap goods, alcohol and the chance to see a few videos. These dealers Since parks are now an important destination for Vietnamese tourists, and wild meat and wildlife pets are popular in town, it is vital theat there be an education program to encourage Vietnamese people to stop buying forest products. nprocess some materials themselves, for example they may boil down monkeys and other animals for a medicinal balm or 'animal wine'. These dealers trade wildlife and other products to dealers in larger towns. In the face of such entrenched animal trade, w Newspaper readership is poor in forest villages, but the Government is extending radio and television coverage to each village. - lues are in apparent conflict: rare, endangered wildlife, and As producers, rmust appreciate the damage they can do to their ecosystemsmore affluent We collect about 50 such articles from Vietnamese-language newspapers each year and the number is increasing. Vietnam's needs continued strengthening. These are very complex problems. Outside funding, advice and encouragement are vital, but the problems must be resolved mainly by we Vietnamese Q<[{@ABCDNm .9BOWX`klwxy$%&'()*+,-JNWXs @bourselves. It is our future. Prime Minister Vo Van Kiet recently decreed even stronger wildife protection (29 May 1996). for animal traffickingcasesactually recorded captive breeding is at present n in forest rare, endangered wildlife, and ection Department officers have ersity Action Plan (BAP, 1996may they are dOur experience is that zoos, national reserves and parks, and the one existing 'rescue centre' for endangered wildlife are now so full that they can not accept further confiscated animals. Most forest reserves contain a small 'zoo'. Two new species of large mammal were discovered recently in Vu Quang forest reserve. They are highly endangered but hunters believe this all the more reason to hunt them. During recent months (Thanh Phong, 1996) in the adjoining province of Nghe An, police operating under a Prime Ministerial decree (47-CP) confiscated over 10,000 weapons, including over 3800 military rifles, as well as more than 24,000 kg. of explosives. TheseX  stu}.5DEF HXkr{:;<=>?_`abx'(-./NOfrstu @b explosives are used illegally both in hunting and fishing.[][]ammals by airplane] Thanh Nien [][] Thanh Phong. 1996. [More than 10,000 guns confiscated in Nghe An] Nhan Dan [People] No.15150 [] 50(1094): 1,2. 27(290) 3. No.15150. 14 December 1996. on the management of weapons and explosives many I as well as more than 24,000 kg during October and November of 1996 E that require an understanding of Vietnam's societywe Vietnamese these problemsmainly through our own effortsO is at stake 359/TTg of "on emergency methods to protect and multiply wildlife" ux}.j3@ %    !P3Enop"#DZv 6 7 c d ./tu;<!p!q#)#*%a34}q@ck .(U7H~T [w^Teg3kpdux}q  %    !P3Enop"#DZv 6 7 c d ./tu;<!p!q#)#*%a%b%%&&(U(`(a*S*T+z+{+++--..00222255668888;;<<>>AAB B BBCCFFH~HLLOPOQO]O^OOPqPrR8R9SST TTTTTUU V VVyVzWCWDWWXAXBXXYFYGYYZjZkZZ[x[[[[[\\!\"\#\%\&\'\8\9\C\M\V\W\r\s\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]]&]*],].]0]5]B]E]H]J]L]O]X][]^]`]b]e]m]p]s]u]w]z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^ ^^^^^ ^R^V^^^^^^___ _>_e_j_o_u_v____________________``` ` `````$`%`.`6`9`<`A`B`S`_`c`f`k`l`z````````````````````````aa a 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